No information is available based on whole chloroplast genome sequencing or multiple nuclear genes. To date, there are some studies on the phylogeny of sorghum based on nuclear genomic information together with some chloroplast genomic data (Dillon et al., 2001, 2004 Liu et al., 2014 Sun et al., 1994, 2007a). The main reasons for the uncertainty around the conclusions are the limited availability of sequencing data and the use of different sets of taxa and different sets of DNA markers in the studies (Kellogg, 2013). However, understanding the precise relationships of these subgenera has been challenging. There have been several studies aimed at determining the phylogenetic relationships in sorghum (Dillon et al., 2001, 2004 Liu et al., 2014 Sun et al., 1994, 2007a). Molecular phylogenetics provides new insights into the evolutionary relationships within species. The majority of the species in the subgenera of Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, and Stiposorghum are endemic to Australia. Garber belong to monotypic subgenera Heterosorghum and Chaetosorghum, respectively (Ananda et al., 2020 Lazarides et al., 1991 USDA-ARS, National Plant Germplasm System, 2020). exstans Lazarides are classified under the subgenus Stiposorghum. The subgenus Parasorghum consists of seven species: S. Sorghum propinquum is a wild species, whereas S. Subspecies verticilliflorum consists of four races of wild progenitors named aethiopicum, arundinaceum, verticilliflorum, and virgatum. & Chase (weedy sorghum hybrids and the species derived from hybridization between domesticated sorghums and wild relatives). verticilliflorum (wild progenitors of sorghum), and subsp. Sorghum bicolor includes all the cultivated sorghum species, which is subdivided into three categories subsp. Sorghum × almum Parodi is a hybrid species in Eusorghum (Dillon et al., 2007a) and thought to be a hybrid between S. bicolor, along with its progenitors and weedy relatives S. In the present classification based on cytogenetics and morphology, Eusorghum contains domesticated sorghum, the cultivated species S. The classification of sorghum based on diverse morphological characters has made sorghum taxonomy a complex area of study. Although the genome of domesticated sorghum has been well characterized (Paterson et al., 2009), limited genomic data are available on this diverse gene pool of Australian wild sorghum species. Of the wild sorghum species, 17 are native to Australia (Myrans et al., 2020). Thus, the exact number of species is still uncertain. In the current Kew Botanic Gardens Angiosperm DNA C-values database, a total of 32 species of sorghum are listed ( ), based on several studies. Sorghum (Poaceae) is a highly diverse genus reported to consist of 24 species (Ananda et al., 2020), that, based on morphological characteristics are classified into five subgenera: Eusorghum, Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum, Parasorghum, and Stiposorghum (de Wet, 1978 Garber & Snyder, 1950 Harlan & de Wet, 1972 Lazarides et al., 1991). Sorghum is a versatile food crop globally and a staple food in many African and Asian countries, whereas elsewhere it is mainly grown for animal feed (Hariprasanna & Patil, 2015 Venkateswaran et al., 2019). National Center for Biotechnology Information.Chloroplast Genome Annotation, Visualization, Analysis, and GenBank Submission.This analysis provides an improved understanding of the genetic relationships within the Sorghum genus and defines diversity in wild sorghum species that may be useful for crop improvement. ![]() The close relationship between the two monotypic subgenera Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum suggests that species within these subgenera could be considered as one group. However, the subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum were not monophyletic, suggesting the need for further research to resolve the relationships within this group. The species within the subgenera Eusorghum, Chaetosorghum, and Heterosorghum clustered in one clade, whereas the species within the subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum clustered in a second clade. Phylogenetic analysis of both the whole chloroplast genome and nuclear genes revealed a similar topology with two distinct clades within the genus. A total of 153 nonsynonymous amino acid changes in 40 genes were identified across the species. The gene content and gene order among the species was identical. Annotation of the chloroplast genomes identified a total of 81 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA, and four rRNA genes. A total of 15 sorghum accessions from the unexploited wild gene pool of the Sorghum genus, representing the five subgenera, were sequenced, and the complete chloroplast genomes and 99 common single-copy concatenated nuclear genes were assembled. Sorghum is an important food crop with a diverse gene pool residing in its wild relatives.
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